Deep foundations consist of piles/piers that are what type of elements connected with a tie beam?

Deep foundations consist of vertical elements, specifically piles or piers, which are driven deep into the ground to provide support for structures. These vertical elements are essential in transferring the load of a building or infrastructure to deeper, more stable soil or bedrock.

The connection of these vertical elements with a tie beam is critical because the tie beam serves to distribute loads evenly from the superstructure to the piles or piers, ensuring stability and reducing differential settlement. In contrast, horizontal, diagonal, or curved elements do not typically describe the orientation or configuration of deep foundation systems, as the primary purpose of deep foundations is to penetrate vertically into the ground for maximum support and load transfer.

Thus, the classification of these elements as vertical is accurate and aligns with the engineering principles governing deep foundations.