What does "spalling" refer to in construction?

Spalling refers to the phenomenon where the surface layers of a material, particularly concrete or masonry, become brittle and break away or flake off. This can occur due to various reasons, including exposure to freezing and thawing cycles, high levels of moisture, chemical reactions, or degradation over time. It is a critical consideration in construction as spalling can compromise the structural integrity of a material, making it essential for engineers and builders to implement preventive measures during the design and maintenance phases. Understanding spalling is vital, especially when dealing with materials exposed to harsh environmental conditions, as it can lead to costly repairs and safety hazards.