What problems are dead-end mains and small mains particularly vulnerable to?

Dead-end mains and small mains are particularly vulnerable to low water pressure supply problems due to their design and operational characteristics. In a dead-end main, water must flow through a limited space with no outlet, which can lead to stagnation and insufficient water supply during high-demand situations. This is often compounded in small mains where the diameter limits water flow capacity, especially when there is a surge in water demand from firefighting or emergency situations.

Low water pressure in these systems can result from a variety of factors, including inadequate water source supply, aging infrastructure, or blockages and restrictions that prevent normal flow. When water needs to move through a dead-end main or small main under these conditions, it may not be able to achieve sufficient pressure, impacting the ability to deliver adequate water for firefighting operations or other critical uses.

In contrast, issues like extremely high water pressure, malfunctioning hydrants, or constant repair needs, while certainly concerning, are not the primary vulnerabilities of dead-end mains and small mains that lead to operational challenges in emergency situations. The focus on low water pressure highlights the critical aspect of maintaining sufficient pressure throughout the supply system, particularly in areas with restricted water flow paths.